Nucleotide sequence of eleven vaccine strains of bird flu infection were retrieved from the influenza sequence database (ISD). These vaccine sequences were subjected to BLAST. Based on BLAST results, nucleotide sequences of organisms having homology to that of the vaccines were selected. The greater the sequence homology of the vaccine to many infective strains of viruses higher its efficiency. BLAST results revealed that, there are about 44 major strains of viruses which are of major concern. The nucleotide sequences of these strains retrieved from ISD and were subjected to multiple sequence alignment. On the basis of conserved region, a consensus fragment was designed. The consensus fragment was then subjected to multiple sequence alignment with the vaccines strains. By gradual exclusion of vaccine strains from the alignment on the basis of sequence homology, four vaccines were obtained which exhibited greater sequence homology with the consensus fragment. These four vaccine strains then subjected to pairwise alignment with consensus sequence and the score of the each pairing was observed. Scores obtained after the pairwise alignment of the four vaccine strains with that of consensus sequence revealed the effectivity of vaccine A/beijing. Thus the consensus sequence may be used as a novel polynucleotide vaccine since it was obtained after extensive analysis of the most conserved regions among predominant avian flu viruses.

India is primarily an agro-based country with more than 60-70% of its population still dependent on agriculture. Carbofuran is one of the most toxic carbamate pesticides. Carbofuran operates through inhibiting the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase allowing acetyl choline to transfer nerve impulses indefinitely and causing a wide variety of symptoms such as weakness or paralysis. The total protein and amino acid contents were estimated. Various enzymatic assays were performed in pesticide treated fish and control and it was found that the protein content was higher in control than the carbofuran treated fish, the amino acid content was found to be more in the carbofuran treated fish, there was an enhancement in the activity of the alkaline phosphatase in the carbofuran treated fishes than in the control, the acid phosphatase activity of the enzyme was found to be elevated in the carbofuran treated fishes than the control, the activity of the acetylcholine esterase was found to be less in the carbofuran treated fish than the control, the aspartate aminotransferase activity was found to be high in carbofuran treated fish than the control. The study was aimed for creating awareness to the farmers regarding the toxic or harmful effects of the pesticides to the humans and other animals.

In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to find the effect of polyamines for direct shoot regeneration from shoot tip explants of Stevia rebaudiana. Among the combination of various polyamines such as Spermidine, Spermine and putresine with varying concentrations (5, 10,15,20,25 mg/L). Maximum number of shoots (22±0.27) was obtained on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.5 mg/L)and Spermine (10 mg/L), shoots longer than 4-5 cm were transferred to rooting medium supplemented with different concentrations of auxins such as IAA and NAA (0.5–2.5 mg/L) in MS half strength and full strength medium. The best rooting response was observed on 1.5mg/L IAA in full strength medium. The rooted plantlets were hardened and transferred to field.

Fish are a diverse group of animals, highly specialized for their aquatic existence and comprising almost half the number of vertebrate species in existence today. Fish are in intimate contact with their environment, which can contain very high concentrations of bacteria and viruses. The immune system is composed of numerous organs and cells that act together in a dynamic network in the defense against infection, disease and foreign substances. The bacterial pathogens was tested against several organisms and maximum inhibition was recorded against Staphylococcus aureus (12 mm), Lactobacillus vulgarius (10mm) and Klebsiella pneumonia (7 mm). The protein estimation of fish mucus was observed as (0.865 mg/ml). SDS -PAGE of fish mucus showed many protein bands with molecular size ranging from 22 to 65 K da.

Nanotechnology is the creation and utilization of materials, devices and systems through the control of matter on the nanometer scale. The ten herbal plants have been used for Antimicrobial activity studies against isolated pathogens from the sample Urinary Tract Infection affected patients. Among ten plant varieties, only five (Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Rose rugosa, Acalypha paniculata and Hibiscus) evaluated as potential activity against UTI pathogens. Among the five plants only two (Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum) have the efficiency to produce the silver nanoparticles. Characterization of the synthesized Silver nanoparticles have been evaluated by UV-Visible spectroscopy and the peak formation was in the range of 70-100nm. XRD studies showed the diameter range of nanoparticle in the size of around 70-80nm. Based on the XRD peaks, Neem mediated and Tulsi mediated synthesized silver nanoparticle ranged between 60.84-71.48nm and 63.05-71.64nm respectively. The present investigation helps to evaluate the efiiciency of silver nitrate, plant extract and plant mediated silver nanaoparticles against UTI causing pathogens. Neem mediated synthesized nanoparticle were shown higher Zone formation against for Proteus sps, S. aureus and E. coli whereas in Tulsi mediated synthesized nanoparticles were shown higher zone formation against E.coli, S.aureus and Pseudomonas sps.

Chitosan has emerged as a new biomaterial for food, pharmaceutical, textile and other industries as well as for waste water treatments. Chitosan was the deacetylated form of chitin, which is water soluble and a much more tractable material with a large number and a broad variety of industrial applications. Four fungal strains Mucor rouxii, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium sp. were selected for the present study. The fungal mycelium grown on the Yeast extract peptone dextrose medium was separated and the conversion of chitin present in the fungal mycelium to chitosan. Out of these four fungal strains Mucor rouxii showed the maximum yield of chitosan production and was used for the further optimization studies, such as agitation, incubation period, pH of the medium, different fungal medium and incubation temperature to obtain the optimum conditions for the fungal strain to produce maximum yield of chitosan. The present study conclusively showed that 31.17% of dry mycelium can be converted in to chitosan under optimal conditions.

Amphibians are ancient creatures, and their immune defenses are highly evolved. Amphibian skin is protected by both innate and adaptive immune defenses. These defenses are somewhat slow to develop in cold-blooded vertebrates. Antibacterial activity of frog skin secretion was tested using an inhibition zone assay on Muller – Hinton agar plates seeded with Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebseilla species. The zone of inhibition was maximum for Escherichia coli (26mm) and minimum against Klebsilla sp. (14 mm). The total Protein content of dialysate was determined and the total protein content was estimated at 53.33 µg/ml. The anti-proliferative effect was assessed by MTT (3-(4, 5- dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). The frog skin secretion dialysate inhibited growth of cancer cells. An inhibition of 31.3% was observed with 60µl/ml of frog skin secretion dialysate. An average of 10% nonviable cells was observed with 10µl skin secretion dialysate, when compared to the control. The present study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial and anticancer properties of skin secretion of an Indian frog Duttaphrynus melanostictus.